Newtown Action Alliance Endorses 24 Additional Members of the U.S. House of Representatives for 2020 Elections (Round 3)
For Immediate Release
August 18, 2020
Newtown Action Alliance Endorses 24 Additional Members of the
U.S. House of Representatives for 2020 Elections
Newtown, CT-The Newtown Action Alliance (NAA) is proud to endorse 24 members of the U.S. House of Representatives for the 2020 Elections. See below for the complete list.
For over seven years after the Sandy Hook shooting tragedy, NAA has been advocating bold and comprehensive gun control legislation to dramatically reduce all forms of gun violence in our nation.
In 2019, NAA joined a coalition of gun violence prevention survivors, advocates, and researchers from across the country at the GVPedia Conference in Denver, Colorado, to commemorate the 20th Anniversary of the Columbine shooting, and to forge a path forward to a safer America. From this assembly the Denver Accord was born, a declaration of guiding principles and policies to end the scourge of gun violence in America. NAA has fully endorsed GVPedia’s Denver Accord principles that acknowledge 1) Guns do not make us safer; 2) Gun violence in America is a pervasive public health crisis that demands substantial policy solutions and well-funded programs that effectively reduce gun violence; 3) Equitable and just enforcement of gun laws is paramount; and 4) Everyone has the right to live free from violence.
NAA will continue to encourage all members of Congress to fully support the Denver Accord. Meanwhile, NAA is endorsing gun safety candidates who support its top federal policy priorities. All 25 representatives have voted for 1) H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019; 2) H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019; and H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020. All 25 Representatives are also cosponsors of NAA’s priority legislation H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019 and many other life-saving policy proposals.
NAA plans to endorse other cosponsors of H.R.1296 and S. 66— Assault Weapons Ban of 2019 in the coming weeks.
Bills passed in the House of Representatives:
H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
Sponsor: Rep. Thompson, Mike [D-CA-5] (Introduced 01/08/2019) Cosponsors: (232)
Passed by the Yeas and Nays: 240 - 190 (Roll no. 99) on February 28, 2019
H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
Sponsor: Rep. Clyburn, James E. [D-SC-6] (Introduced 02/08/2019) Cosponsors: (15)
Passed by the Yeas and Nays: 228 - 198 (Roll no. 103) on February 27, 2019
H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
Sponsor: Rep. Bass, Karen [D-CA-37] (Introduced 06/08/2020) Cosponsors: (230)
Passed by the Yeas and Nays: 236 - 181 (Roll no. 119) on June 25, 2020
Priority Bills for the Newtown Action Alliance (*three of which passed out of House Judiciary Committee):
H.R.1186 — *Keep Americans Safe Act (to limit high capacity magazines)
Sponsor: Rep. Deutch, Theodore E. [D-FL-22] (Introduced 02/13/2019) Cosponsors: (161)
H.R.1236 — *Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
Sponsor: Rep. Carbajal, Salud O. [D-CA-24] (Introduced 02/14/2019) Cosponsors: (211)
H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
Sponsor: Rep. Cicilline, David N. [D-RI-1] (Introduced 02/15/2019) Cosponsors: (216)
H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
Sponsor: Rep. Bass, Karen [D-CA-37] (Introduced 03/07/2019) Cosponsors: (167)
H.R.1705 — Jaime's Law (to require background checks on ammunition purchases)
Sponsor: Rep. Wasserman Schultz, Debbie [D-FL-23] (Introduced 03/13/2019) Cosponsors: (81)
H.R.2585 — Resources for Victims of Gun Violence Act of 2019
Sponsor: Rep. Evans, Dwight [D-PA-3] (Introduced 05/08/2019) Cosponsors: (73)
H.R.2708 — *Disarm Hate Act (to prohibit firearm sale or transfer to and receipt, possession, shipment, or transport by a person (1) who has been convicted of a misdemeanor hate crime, or (2) who has received an enhanced hate crime misdemeanor sentence)
Sponsor: Rep. Cicilline, David N. [D-RI-1] (Introduced 05/14/2019) Cosponsors: (191)
H.R.2867 — Ethan's Law (to require safe storage of firearms)
Sponsor: Rep. DeLauro, Rosa L. [D-CT-3] (Introduced 05/21/2019) Cosponsors: (109)
H.R.3214 — Equal Access to Justice for Victims of Gun Violence Act
Sponsor: Rep. Schiff, Adam B. [D-CA-28] (Introduced 06/11/2019) Cosponsors: (38)
H.R.3553 — Untraceable Firearms Act of 2019 (to require that all firearms are traceable and detectable)
Sponsor: Rep. Cicilline, David N. [D-RI-1] (Introduced 06/27/2019) Cosponsors: (42)
Following are the 24 Representatives endorsed by NAA:
Rep. Tulsi Gabbard, 2nd District of Hawaii
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Participated in the House sit-in in 2016 in support of gun control legislation
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Ruben Gallego, 7th District of Arizona
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Stood up against proposals to allow guns in parks and public buildings
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. John Garamendi, 3rd District of California
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Cosponsored H.R.2867 — Ethan's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.3214 — Equal Access to Justice for Victims of Gun Violence Act
● Joined other members of Congress in a nearly 24-hour sit-in in support of universal background checks
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Jesus G. “Chuy” Garcia, 4th District of Illinois
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2585 — Resources for Victims of Gun Violence Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Cosponsored H.R.2867 — Ethan's Law
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Jimmy Gomez, 34th District of California
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Strong supporter of the Ghost Guns Are Guns Act
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Al Green, 9th District of Texas
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Hosted a public forum in Houston’s International District on gun violence in the wake of the El Paso shooting
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Raul M. Grijalva, 3rd District of Arizona
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Cosponsored H.R.2867 — Ethan's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.3214 — Equal Access to Justice for Victims of Gun Violence Act
● Authored a letter to governors of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and California urging they act to stop cross-border gun trafficking
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Debra A. Haaland, 1st District of New Mexico
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1705 — Jaime's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Cosponsored H.R.2867 — Ethan's Law
● Joined students at a high school in her district to discuss solutions to address gun violence
Rep. Alcee L. Hastings, 20th District of Florida
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1705 — Jaime's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.2585 — Resources for Victims of Gun Violence Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Cosponsored H.R.2867 — Ethan's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.3214 — Equal Access to Justice for Victims of Gun Violence Act
● Cosponsored H.R.3553 — Untraceable Firearms Act of 2019
● Believes that gun control is a critical element in addressing America’s crime problem
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Jahana Hayes, 5th District of Connecticut
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1705 — Jaime's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Cosponsored H.R.2867 — Ethan's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.3553 — Untraceable Firearms Act of 2019
● Represents the Newtown community that has been impacted by the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting tragedy
● Introduced a resolution condemning Secretary Devos’ School Safety Commission recommending school districts to use federal funding to arm teachers
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Brian Higgins, 26th District of New York
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Cosponsored H.R.2585 — Resources for Victims of Gun Violence Act of 2019
● Working with Most Valuable Parents to organize a public campaign to repeal the Tiahrt Amendment
Rep. Jim Himes, 4th District of Connecticut
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1705 — Jaime's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.2585 — Resources for Victims of Gun Violence Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2867 — Ethan's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.3214 — Equal Access to Justice for Victims of Gun Violence Act
● Introduced the Start Advancing Firearms Enhancements and Technology (SAFETY) Act
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Steven Horsford, 4th District of Nevada
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Member of the Gun Violence Prevention Task Force
Rep. Chrissy Houlahan, 6th District of Pennsylvania
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2585 — Resources for Victims of Gun Violence Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Hosted a gun violence prevention round table with families and victims of gun violence
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, 5th District of Maryland
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1705 — Jaime's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Held a news conference calling for Senate action on H.R. 8 and included families and victims of gun violence at the conference
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Jared Huffman, 2nd District of California
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Member of the Gun Violence Prevention Task Force
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee, 18th District of Texas
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1705 — Jaime's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.2585 — Resources for Victims of Gun Violence Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Cosponsored H.R.3214 — Equal Access to Justice for Victims of Gun Violence Act
● Introduced the Kimberly Vaughan Forearm Safe Storage Act, the Sabika Sheikh Firearm Licensing and Registration Act, and the Santa Fe High School Victims Act
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Hakeem S. Jeffries, 8th District of New York
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1705 — Jaime's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Urged Congress to give $60 million more in funding to the ATF for more background checks and investigations of gun crimes
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson, 30th District of Texas
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2585 — Resources for Victims of Gun Violence Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Cosponsored H.R.2867 — Ethan's Law
● Introduced National Gun Violence Research Act
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Henry “Hank” C. Johnson, Jr., 4th District of Georgia
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1705 — Jaime's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.2585 — Resources for Victims of Gun Violence Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Cosponsored H.R.3214 — Equal Access to Justice for Victims of Gun Violence Act
● Worked with Senator Warren to unveil the Gun Violence Prevention and Community Safety Act
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Marcy Kaptur, 9th District of Ohio
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Joined other members of Congress in a nearly 24-hour sit-in in support of universal background checks
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. William R. Keating, 9th District of Massachusetts
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Active member of the Congressional Gun Violence Prevention Task Force
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Robin Kelly, 2nd District of Illinois
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1705 — Jaime's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.2585 — Resources for Victims of Gun Violence Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Cosponsored H.R.2867 — Ethan's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.3553 — Untraceable Firearms Act of 2019
● Published the Kelly Report on Gun Violence in America, an in-depth Congressional analysis on the gun violence epidemic
● Launched the Urban Progress Initiative to reduce gun violence and increase economic opportunity
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
Rep. Ro Khanna, 17th District of California
● Voted for H.R.8 — Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.1112 — Enhanced Background Checks Act of 2019
● Voted for H.R.7120 — George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020
● Cosponsored H.R.1186 — Keep Americans Safe Act
● Cosponsored H.R.1236 — Extreme Risk Protection Order Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1296 — Assault Weapons Ban of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1585 — Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.1705 — Jaime's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.2585 — Resources for Victims of Gun Violence Act of 2019
● Cosponsored H.R.2708 — Disarm Hate Act
● Cosponsored H.R.2867 — Ethan's Law
● Cosponsored H.R.3214 — Equal Access to Justice for Victims of Gun Violence Act
● Cosponsored H.R.3553 — Untraceable Firearms Act of 2019
● Hosted a town hall on gun violence with high school students
● Cosponsored the Gun Violence Research Act to repeal the ban on CDC gun research
● Earned an F grade from the NRA
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Newtown Action Alliance (https://www.newtownactionalliance.org) is a Newtown-based, national grassroots organization formed after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shootings. Our mission is to achieve the steady and continuous reduction of gun violence through legislative and cultural changes.